:root{
  --paper:#F6F5F2;
  --card:#FFFFFF;
  --ink:#14181F;
  --slate:#566070;
  --line:#DAD8D2;
  --red:#B3382C;
  --red-dark:#8E2A20;
  --night:#14181F;
  --serif:'Playfair Display',Georgia,serif;
  --text:'Lora',Georgia,serif;
  --ui:'Inter',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,sans-serif;
  --wrap:1200px;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
body{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--text);font-size:17px;line-height:1.65}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
img{max-width:100%;display:block}
:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--red);outline-offset:2px}
.wrap{width:100%;max-width:var(--wrap);margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}

/* parent bar */
.parent{background:var(--night);color:#C9CED6;font:500 13px/1 var(--ui);padding:10px 0}
.parent .wrap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.parent a{color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.35)}
.parent a:hover{border-color:#fff}

/* masthead */
.mast{padding:26px 20px 18px;text-align:center}
.brand{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:800;font-size:clamp(46px,9vw,92px);line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.02em}
.brand span{color:var(--red)}
.tag{font:400 italic 18px/1.4 var(--text);color:var(--slate);margin-top:10px}
.bar{border-top:3px solid var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);position:sticky;top:0;z-index:20}
.bar .wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px}
.nav{display:flex;gap:4px;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;flex:1}
.nav::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
.nav a{font:500 15px/1 var(--ui);padding:16px 12px;white-space:nowrap;color:var(--ink);border-bottom:3px solid transparent;margin-bottom:-1px}
.nav a:hover,.nav a.on{border-bottom-color:var(--red);color:var(--red)}
.search{display:flex;align-items:center;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--card);border-radius:999px;padding:0 6px 0 14px;margin:8px 0}
.search input{border:0;background:transparent;font:400 15px var(--ui);padding:9px 6px;width:130px;color:var(--ink)}
.search input:focus{outline:none;width:180px}
.search:focus-within{border-color:var(--ink)}
.search button{border:0;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;font:500 13px var(--ui);padding:8px 14px;border-radius:999px;cursor:pointer}
.search button:hover{background:var(--red)}
@media(max-width:700px){.search{display:none}}

/* hero */
.hero{display:grid;gap:28px;padding:34px 20px 40px}
.lead{position:relative;display:block;border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--night);color:#fff;min-height:440px}
.lead .media{position:absolute;inset:0;height:100%}
.lead::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(10,12,16,.92) 5%,rgba(10,12,16,.35) 60%,rgba(10,12,16,.1))}
.lead .in{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:2;padding:28px}
.kicker{display:inline-block;font:600 13px/1 var(--ui);background:var(--red);color:#fff;padding:7px 10px;border-radius:2px}
.lead h2{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:700;font-size:clamp(30px,5vw,50px);line-height:1.1;margin:14px 0 12px;max-width:20ch}
.lead p{font-size:18px;color:#E2E5EA;max-width:52ch}
.meta{font:500 13px var(--ui);color:var(--slate);margin-top:8px}
.lead .meta{color:#B9C0CB}
.lead:hover h2{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-underline-offset:5px}
.side{display:grid;gap:0}
.side article{padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.side article:first-child{border-top:3px solid var(--ink);padding-top:16px}
.side a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 112px;gap:16px;align-items:start}
.side h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:21px;line-height:1.25}
.side a:hover h3{color:var(--red)}
.side .cl{font:600 13px var(--ui);color:var(--red);margin-bottom:6px}
@media(min-width:960px){
  .hero{grid-template-columns:1.8fr 1fr;gap:40px}
  .lead{min-height:560px}
}

/* placeholder media */
.media{background:#2A3140;overflow:hidden}
.media img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}
.media.ph{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;padding:14px;font:600 13px var(--ui);color:rgba(255,255,255,.85);
  background-image:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 0 2px,transparent 2px 14px)}
.c-modern-india{background-color:#3B4A63}.c-ancient-history{background-color:#6B4E2E}
.c-medieval-india{background-color:#4F3B5C}.c-upsc{background-color:#274B47}
.c-general{background-color:#3A3F4B}.c-culture{background-color:#6C3A34}
.c-social-reformers{background-color:#7A4C21}.c-specials{background-color:#2D4A68}
.thumb{aspect-ratio:1/1;border-radius:3px}
.thumb.ph span{display:none}
.wide{aspect-ratio:16/10;border-radius:3px}

/* sections */
.sec{padding:20px 20px 44px}
.sec-h{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:16px;border-top:3px solid var(--ink);padding-top:14px;margin-bottom:26px}
.sec-h h2{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:700;font-size:clamp(26px,4vw,34px);line-height:1.1}
.sec-h a{font:500 14px var(--ui);color:var(--red)}
.sec-h a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.grid{display:grid;gap:34px 28px;grid-template-columns:1fr}
@media(min-width:640px){.grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}
@media(min-width:960px){.grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}}
.card h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:23px;line-height:1.25;margin:14px 0 8px}
.card a:hover h3{color:var(--red)}
.card .cl{font:600 13px var(--ui);color:var(--red);margin-top:14px}
.card h3{margin-top:6px}
.card p{font-size:16px;color:#3A424F}

/* UPSC band */
.band{background:var(--night);color:#fff;padding:48px 0;margin:8px 0 44px}
.band .sec-h{border-top-color:rgba(255,255,255,.5)}
.band .sec-h a{color:#F0A79E}
.band-g{display:grid;gap:0;grid-template-columns:1fr}
.band-g a{display:block;padding:18px 0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18)}
.band-g a:first-child{border-top:0}
.band-g h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:22px;line-height:1.25}
.band-g a:hover h3{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}
.band-g p{color:#B9C0CB;font-size:15.5px;margin-top:6px}
.band-g .meta{color:#8E97A6}
.band-intro{max-width:46ch;color:#C9CED6;margin-bottom:24px}
@media(min-width:860px){
  .band-g{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;column-gap:48px}
  .band-g a:nth-child(2){border-top:0}
}

/* reformers row */
.rows{display:grid;gap:0}
.rows a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:96px 1fr;gap:18px;padding:18px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);align-items:center}
.rows a:first-child{border-top:0;padding-top:0}
.rows h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:21px;line-height:1.25}
.rows a:hover h3{color:var(--red)}
.rows p{font-size:15.5px;color:#3A424F;margin-top:4px}
@media(min-width:860px){.rows{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;column-gap:48px}.rows a:nth-child(2){border-top:0;padding-top:0}}

/* categories */
.cats{display:grid;gap:12px;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
@media(min-width:760px){.cats{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}}
.cats a{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:4px;padding:18px 16px;display:block}
.cats a:hover{border-color:var(--red)}
.cats strong{display:block;font:600 19px/1.2 var(--serif)}
.cats span{font:400 14px var(--ui);color:var(--slate)}

/* footer */
footer{background:var(--night);color:#C9CED6;padding:44px 0 28px;margin-top:20px;font-family:var(--ui);font-size:14px}
.foot{display:grid;gap:28px;grid-template-columns:1fr}
@media(min-width:800px){.foot{grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr 1fr}}
footer .fb{font:800 30px var(--serif);color:#fff}
footer .fb span{color:#E5675A}
footer p{margin-top:10px;max-width:40ch;line-height:1.6}
footer h4{color:#fff;font:600 14px var(--ui);margin-bottom:10px}
footer li{list-style:none;margin:7px 0}
footer a:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}
.copy{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15);margin-top:30px;padding-top:18px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;font-size:13px;color:#8E97A6}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){
  .lead .in{animation:rise .7s ease both}
  @keyframes rise{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(14px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
}

/* article page */
.crumbs{font:500 13px var(--ui);color:var(--slate);padding:22px 20px 0}
.crumbs a:hover{color:var(--red)}
.art{max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:10px 20px 40px}
.art h1{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:800;font-size:clamp(32px,6vw,52px);line-height:1.1;margin:14px 0 14px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.art .dek{font-size:21px;line-height:1.55;color:#3A424F;margin-bottom:18px}
.byline{font:500 14px var(--ui);color:var(--slate);display:flex;gap:8px 16px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:14px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.hero-img{max-width:1120px;margin:26px auto 0;padding:0 20px}
.hero-img img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16/9;height:auto;max-height:none;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 25%;border-radius:4px;background:#2A3140}
.hero-img figcaption{font:400 13px var(--ui);color:var(--slate);padding-top:8px}
.prose{font-size:19px;line-height:1.8;margin-top:30px}
.prose p{margin:0 0 1.2em}
.prose h2{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:700;font-size:30px;line-height:1.2;margin:1.8em 0 .6em}
.prose h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:700;font-size:23px;line-height:1.25;margin:1.6em 0 .5em}
.prose h4{font-family:var(--ui);font-weight:600;font-size:18px;margin:1.4em 0 .4em}
.prose a{color:var(--red);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}
.prose ul,.prose ol{margin:0 0 1.2em 1.4em}.prose li{margin:.3em 0}
.prose blockquote{border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:2px 0 2px 18px;margin:1.4em 0;font-style:italic;color:#3A424F}
.prose img{height:auto;border-radius:4px;margin:1.2em auto}
.prose table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:1.2em 0;font-size:16px}.prose td,.prose th{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:8px}
.prose .ql-align-center{text-align:center}.prose .ql-align-right{text-align:right}.prose .ql-align-justify{text-align:justify}
.share{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;font:500 14px var(--ui);margin:34px 0 10px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.share a{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--card);border-radius:99px;padding:8px 14px}
.share a:hover{border-color:var(--red);color:var(--red)}
.draftbar{background:#FFF3CD;color:#6B4E00;font:600 14px var(--ui);text-align:center;padding:10px}
.pager{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:34px}
.pager a{font:600 14px var(--ui);border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--card);padding:9px 14px;border-radius:4px}
.pager a.on,.pager a:hover{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border-color:var(--ink)}
.pagehead{padding:34px 20px 8px}.pagehead h1{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:800;font-size:clamp(32px,5vw,48px);line-height:1.1}
.pagehead p{color:var(--slate);margin-top:6px}
.empty{padding:50px 0;color:var(--slate)}

/* article layout with side rails */
.art-layout{max-width:1400px;margin:0 auto;padding:6px 24px 50px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:36px}
.art-main{min-width:0}
.art-main .kicker{display:inline-block}
.art-main h1{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:800;font-size:clamp(32px,5.5vw,50px);line-height:1.1;margin:14px 0;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.art-main .dek{font-size:21px;line-height:1.55;color:#3A424F;margin-bottom:18px}
.art-main .hero-img{max-width:none;margin:24px 0 0;padding:0}
.art-main .hero-img img{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16/9;height:auto;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 25%;border-radius:4px;background:#2A3140;display:block}
.rail-l{display:none}
.rail-box{border-top:3px solid var(--ink);padding-top:12px;margin-bottom:28px}
.rail-box h4{font:700 13px var(--ui);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:12px}
.rail-item{display:grid;grid-template-columns:84px 1fr;gap:12px;padding:12px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);align-items:start}
.rail-item:first-of-type{border-top:0;padding-top:0}
.rail-item .rthumb{aspect-ratio:1/1;border-radius:3px}
.rail-item .rthumb.ph span{display:none}
.rail-item em{display:block;font:600 12px var(--ui);color:var(--red);font-style:normal;margin-bottom:3px}
.rail-item strong{font:600 16px/1.3 var(--serif)}
.rail-item:hover strong{color:var(--red)}
.rail-cats{list-style:none}
.rail-cats li{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.rail-cats li:first-child{border-top:0}
.rail-cats a{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:9px 0;font:500 15px var(--ui)}
.rail-cats a:hover{color:var(--red)}
.rail-cats small{color:var(--slate)}
#toc{list-style:none;counter-reset:t}
#toc li{counter-increment:t;margin:0 0 10px;font:500 14px/1.4 var(--ui)}
#toc a{display:block;color:var(--slate)}
#toc a:hover{color:var(--red)}
#toc a::before{content:counter(t) ". ";color:var(--red);font-weight:600}
.share-col{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}
.share-col a{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--card);border-radius:99px;padding:8px 14px;font:500 14px var(--ui)}
.share-col a:hover{border-color:var(--red);color:var(--red)}
.facts div{font:500 14px/1.4 var(--ui);padding:8px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.facts div:first-child{border-top:0}
.facts span{display:block;font-size:12px;color:var(--slate);margin-bottom:2px}
@media(min-width:1100px){
  .art-layout{grid-template-columns:200px minmax(0,1fr) 300px;gap:48px;align-items:start}
  .rail-l,.rail-r{position:sticky;top:76px}
  .rail-l{display:block}
  .share-bottom{display:none}
}


/* two-column article layout (left rail removed) */
@media(min-width:1100px){
  .art-layout{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 320px;gap:56px}
  .share-bottom{display:flex}
}
.prose h2:empty,.prose h3:empty,.prose h4:empty,.prose p:empty{display:none}

.navlogo{display:block;flex:none;margin:7px 0;line-height:0}
.navlogo img{border-radius:8px;display:block}


/* date strip and logo mark in wordmark */
.dateline{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:9px 0}
.datebox{display:inline-block;border:1.5px solid var(--red);color:var(--red);font:600 13px/1 var(--ui);padding:7px 12px;border-radius:4px;letter-spacing:.02em}
.brand{display:inline-block}
.bmark{width:.8em;height:.8em;border-radius:.16em;vertical-align:-.04em;margin-right:.05em}
.fb .bmark{width:.95em;height:.95em}

/* H with red line under it, as part of the wordmark */
.hmark{position:relative;display:inline-block;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit}
.hmark::after{content:"";position:absolute;left:6%;right:6%;bottom:-.1em;height:.062em;background:var(--red);border-radius:2px}
.fb .hmark::after{background:#E5675A}


/* side story excerpt */
.side .sx{font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:#3A424F;margin-top:6px;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:3;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}

/* mobile: lead story as image on top, text below (nothing is cropped) */
@media(max-width:959px){
  .lead{min-height:0;display:block;background:var(--night)}
  .lead::after{display:none}
  .lead .media{position:relative;inset:auto;height:auto;aspect-ratio:16/10}
  .lead .media img{height:100%}
  .lead .in{position:relative;padding:20px 18px 22px}
  .lead h2{font-size:clamp(25px,6.4vw,34px);margin:12px 0 10px;max-width:none}
  .lead p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:4;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}
}
@media(max-width:600px){
  body{font-size:16.5px}
  .mast{padding:20px 18px 14px}
  .tag{font-size:16px}
  .hero{padding:22px 18px 28px;gap:22px}
  .sec{padding:14px 18px 34px}
  .pagehead{padding:26px 18px 6px}
  .crumbs{padding:16px 18px 0}
  .wrap{padding-left:18px;padding-right:18px}
  .side a{grid-template-columns:1fr 96px;gap:14px}
  .side h3{font-size:19px}
  .card h3{font-size:21px}
  .sec-h h2{font-size:25px}
  .band{padding:34px 0;margin-bottom:30px}
  .art-layout{padding:4px 18px 40px}
  .art-main .dek{font-size:18.5px}
  .prose{font-size:18px;line-height:1.75}
  .prose h2{font-size:25px}
  .byline{font-size:13px}
  .dateline{padding:8px 0}
  .datebox{font-size:12px;padding:6px 10px}
  .search{display:none}
  .copy{flex-direction:column}
}


/* topics, chips, era placeholder colours */
.chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:14px 0 0}
.chip{display:inline-block;font:500 13px/1 var(--ui);border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--card);border-radius:99px;padding:8px 13px;color:var(--ink)}
.chip:hover{border-color:var(--red);color:var(--red)}
.chip small{color:var(--slate);margin-left:4px}
.chip-section{background:var(--red);border-color:var(--red);color:#fff}
.chip-section:hover{background:var(--red-dark);color:#fff}
.chip-region{border-color:#9AA6B8}
.chip-series{border-style:dashed}
.chips.big .chip{font-size:14px;padding:10px 15px}
.mini-h{font:700 13px var(--ui);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:26px 0 4px}
.nav-sec{color:var(--red)!important;font-weight:600}
.c-ancient-world{background-color:#6B4E2E}.c-medieval-world{background-color:#4F3B5C}
.c-early-modern{background-color:#274B47}.c-modern-world{background-color:#3B4A63}
.c-contemporary{background-color:#6C3A34}